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 《Amino Science》Vol. 3 Jan. 2010
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2010年英文版的《氨基酸科技》——《Amino Science》经过改版重装发布！作为第一期改版后的《Amino Science》，本期对国家工程技术研究中心近年来针对65%赖氨酸硫酸盐生化特性、生物学效价及应用效果等方面所做的研究成果进行了整理，汇编成论文集《Collected Paper On Studies of Lysine Sulphate Utilization》。本论文集对65%赖氨酸硫酸盐在生产实践中的应用提供了科学参考。
Collected Paper On Studies of Lysine Sulphate Utilization
赖氨酸硫酸盐应用研究论文集
| Summary on current researches of Lysine Sulphate |
| 题目：赖氨酸硫酸盐研究进展 |
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A brief introduction about the physical & chemical properties
Application advantages of Lysine Sulphate;
Review on the evaluation of biological value of Lysine Sulphate.
赖氨酸硫酸盐理化性质
赖氨酸硫酸盐应用优势
赖氨酸硫酸盐生物学效价综述
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| Paper I: Study on physical properties of 65% Lysine Sulphate |
| 题目：65%赖氨酸硫酸盐物理性状的研究 |
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Abstract: Lysine Sulphate is brown pellet. This study has been conducted to test the stability of Lysine Sulphate during its manufacture and transportation. Results showed the density of Lysine Sulphate of 0.671 g/ml, repose angle of 26.389°. When relative humidity was 28.56, 44.00, 48.54, 76.00, 81.00, 86.00 and 92.00%, the hygroscopicity of Lysine sulphate was 0.72, 3.54, 7.77, 11.04, 15.36, 33.95 and 34.09% respectively. This study suggested that Lysine Sulphate had good physical properties and was suitable for storage, manufacture and transportation.
摘要：赖氨酸硫酸盐是一种褐色的颗粒状固体，为了检测它在生产和运输过程中的稳定情况，特进行本项试验。试验表明，65%赖氨酸的容重是0.671 g/ml；休止角为 26.389°；在相对湿度（%）是28.56、44.00、48.54、76.00、81.00、92.00时，它的吸湿率（%）分别是0.72、3.54、7.77、11.04、15.36、33.95和34.09；平均含水率3.33%；物理性状良好。适合于仓储、生产和运输。
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| Paper II:Study on physical properties of 65% Lysine Sulphate in different compounds premix |
| 题目：65%赖氨酸硫酸盐在不同比例预混料中物理性状的研究 |
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Abstract: 65% Lysine Sulphate product are solid brown granules. This experiment has been conducted to test the stability of 65% Lysine Sulphate in different compounds premix. Results showed that the coefficient of variation of mixing uniformity of 65% Lysine Sulphate in 1, 2.5 and 4% premix was 1.70, 3.99 and 0.07% respectively. The hygroscopicity of 3 different premixes was 10.41, 10.04 and 5.45% respectively when the relative humidity was maintained at 75.00% and the hygroscopicity was 20.86, 19.00 and 13.62% respectively when the relative humidity was 80.00%. It can be concluded from this experiment that 65% Lysine Sulphate has good physical properties and is suitable for storage, manufacture and transportation.
摘要：赖氨酸硫酸盐是一种褐色的颗粒状固体，为了检测它在不同浓度预混料中的稳定情况，特进行本项试验。试验证明，65%赖氨酸在1、2.5和4%预混料中的混合均匀度变异系数分别是1.70、3.99和0.07%。在相对湿度（%）为75.00和80.00时，三种预混料吸湿率（%）分别是10.41、10.04和5.45；20.86、19.00和13.62；物理性状良好。适合于仓储、生产和运输。
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| Paper III: Effects of 65% Lysine Sulphate on the performance and digestibility of nutrients in piglets |
| 题目：65%赖氨酸硫酸盐在仔猪日粮中的应用效果及对饲料养分消化率影响的研究 |
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Abstract: 108 crossbred growing pigs (Duroc ×Landrace×Large White) which were weaned at 28-day-old were used in this experiment, half male and half female. Pigs were randomly allocated into 3 treatments according to sex and body weight, 6 pens per treatment and 6 pigs per pen. The duration of the experiment was 35 days. Experimental diets in 3 treatments were formulated with basal diets with the addition of feed grade L-Lysine Sulphate and its fermentation by-products (experimental samples produced by Changchun Dacheng Industrial Group Co., Ltd), 98% L-Lysine Hydrochloride (control group 1, samples produced by foreign manufactory) and feed grade L-Lysine Sulphate and its fermentation by-products (control group 2, samples produced by foreign manufactory) respectively. Single factor design was applied and the basal diets in 3 treatments were the same to test application effects and bio-availability of products under test. Results showed that the difference of ADG, ADFI and FC between experimental group and control groups were not significant (P>0.05). ADG of pigs in experimental group was increased than the one in control group 1 and 2 by 3.06 and 1.98% respectively; ADFI was increased by 0.23 and 1.92% respectively; FC was reduced by 2.78 than the one in control group 1 and increased by 0.57% than the one in control group 2. Digestion experiment showed that the digestibility of dietary essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids by growing pigs fed by diets with the addition of products under test were significantly higher than the one by pigs fed diets with 98% L-Lysine Hydrochloride (P<0.05); except Lysine, Leucine and Serine, the digestibility of other dietary essential amino acids and other non-essential amino acids by growing pigs fed by diets with the addition of experimental products were significantly higher than the one by pigs fed by diets with the addition of similar imported products (P<0.05). The digestibility of total essential amino acids by pigs fed with experimental diets was increased than control group 1 and 2 by 4.2 and 5.9% respectively (P<0.05) and the digestibility of non-essential amino acids was increased by 3.7 and 5.3% respectively (P<0.05).
摘要：试验选用35日龄杜X长X大三元杂交生长猪108头（28日龄断奶，公母各半），按性别、体重随机分为三组，每组六个重复，每个重复六头猪。试验期为35天。试验分组为饲料级L-赖氨酸硫酸盐及其发酵副产物组（试验样品，长春大成生化工程公司生产），饲料级L-赖氨酸硫酸盐及其发酵副产物组（对照组1，进口）， 98%L-赖氨酸盐酸盐组（对照组2， 进口）。采用单因子试验设计方案，三组的基础日粮组成相同，探讨待测样品在生长猪日粮中的应用效果及生物学效价。结果表明，试验组与对照组的日增重、日采食量和饲料转化效率差异不显著（P>0.05），试验组猪比对照组1猪和对照组2猪日增重分别提高3.06和1.98%；采食量分别提高0.23和1.92%；料肉比分别降低2.78%，提高0.57%。消化试验结果表明，采食含试验样品日粮的生长猪对日粮必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸的消化率显著高于采食含98%L-赖氨酸盐酸盐日粮的生长猪(P<0.05)，除赖氨酸、亮氨酸和丝氨酸外，采食含试验样品日粮的生长猪对日粮其他必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸的消化率显著高于采食含同类进口产品日粮的生长猪(P<0.05)。试验组生长猪对日粮其他必需氨基酸的消化率比对照组1和对照组2分别提高4.2和5.9%(P<0.05)，非必需氨基酸消化率比对照组1和对照组2分别提高3.7和5.3%(P<0.05)。
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| Paper IV: Effects of 65% Lysine Sulphate on the growth performance of broilers |
| 题目：65%赖氨酸硫酸盐对肉鸡生长性能的影响 |
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Abstract: 600 healthy 1-day-old AA broilers with similar average body weight (40.39±0.01g) were used, half male and half female. Birds were randomly allocated into 2 treatments. Single factor design was applied in this experiment. Experimental diets in 2 treatments were supplemented with 65% Lysine Sulphate and 98% Lysine Hydrochloride respectively making sure the same Lysine level in 2 treatments. Results showed that the addition of 65% Lysine Sulphate had similar effects with 98% Lysine Hydrochloride on the growth performance of broilers (P>0.05).
摘要：试验选用600只平均体重（40.39±0.01g）相近的1日龄健康AA肉仔鸡（公母各半，混养）随机分为2个处理，采用单因子试验方案，两个处理的日粮中分别添加65%赖氨酸硫酸盐和98%赖氨酸盐酸盐，两个处理中赖氨酸添加水平一致。结果表明，在饲料中添加65%赖氨酸硫酸盐和98%赖氨酸盐酸盐对肉鸡的各项生长性能影响均无显著性差异（P>0.05)。
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| Paper V: The determination of ileal true amino acids digestibility of 65% Lysine Sulphate in pigs |
| 题目：65%赖氨酸硫酸盐猪回肠消化率的研究 |
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Abstract: 6 healthy barrows with the average body weight of 51.7±3.5 kg were used in this experiment. Experimental barrows were equipped with T-fistula at distal ileum. 3×3 Latin Square Design was applied and the experiment included 3 treatments. Experimental diets used in 3 treatments were as followed: corn zein semi purified diets with the addition of 2% of 65% Lysine Sulphate in treatment 1; semi purified diets with the addition of 2% of 65% Lysine Sulphate in treatment 2 to test effects of 2 different methods on the determination of ileum digestibility of amino acids in Lysine Sulphate; casein hydrolysate diet in treatment 3 to test excretion of endogenous amino acids. Results showed that the ileum apparent digestibility of 65% Lysine Sulphate determined by 2 different methods was 94.52 and 95.59% respectively and the difference was not significant (P>0.05); the true digestibility of 65% Lysine Sulphate determined by 2 different methods was 97.33 and 98.88% respectively and the difference was not significant (P>0.05).
摘要：本试验选用6头平均体重为51.7±3.5 kg 的健康阉公猪，在回肠末端安装一个简单的T-型瘘管，试验采用3×3 双拉丁方设计，设计3个处理，处理1为含2%的65%赖氨酸硫酸盐+玉米醇溶蛋白的半纯合日粮，处理2为含2%的65%赖氨酸硫酸盐的半纯合日粮，用以比较测定的两种方法对赖氨酸硫酸盐中氨基酸回肠消化率测定结果的影响；处理3为水解酪蛋白日粮，用以测定内源氨基酸的排泄量。试验结果表明，通过两种方法测定的65%赖氨酸硫酸盐的回肠表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)，测定的65%赖氨酸硫酸盐回肠表观消化率分别是94.52和95.59%；测定的真消化率差异不显著(P>0.05)，分别是97.33和98.88%。
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| Paper VI:Bioefficacy of Lysine from L-Lysine Sulfate and L-Lysine•HCl for 10 to 20 kg Pigs |
| 题目：L-赖氨酸硫酸盐和L-赖氨酸盐酸盐中赖氨酸的生物学效价研究 |
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Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the bioefficacy of L-lysine sulfate relative to L-lysine•HCl for 10 to 20 kg pigs. Two experiments were conducted to determine the bioefficacy of the two sources of lysine using daily gain, feed conversion, plasma urea nitrogen, and nitrogen retention as the response criteria. In experiment 1, 168 crossbred barrows (Landrace×Large White), weaned at 28±3 d (9.07±0.78 kg body weight), were allotted to one of seven dietary treatments in a 2×3 (two lysine sources×three lysine levels) factorial arrangement of treatments with an added negative control treatment group experiment. The basal diet was based on corn, peanut meal and soybean meal and provided 0.67% lysine. The basal diet was supplemented with 0.1, 0.2 or 0.3% lysine equivalents supplied from either L-lysine sulfate or L-lysine•HCl. Each treatment was fed to six pens of pigs with four pigs per pen. The trial lasted 21 days. The relative bioefficacy value of lysine in L-lysine sulfate using daily gain, feed conversion and plasma urea nitrogen as response criteria was 1.01, 1.05 and 1.04 of the lysine in L-lysine•HCl, respectively. In experiment 2, 42 crossbred (Landrace×Large White) pigs (16.03±1.58 kg body weight) were housed in stainless metabolism cages for 10 d and fed the seven diets used in the nitrogen-balance trial. The relative bioefficacy value of L-lysine sulfate was estimated to be 0.95 as effective as L-lysine•HCl for nitrogen retention on an equimolar basis. The t-test analysis revealed that bioefficacy of lysine in L-lysine sulfate was not significantly different from lysine in L-lysine•HCl, which was set at 1.00. In conclusion, L-lysine sulfate can be used instead of L-lysine •HCl to fortify lysine-deficient diets fed to 10 to 20 kg pigs.
摘要：本文旨在分析比较对于10到20公斤生长猪，赖氨酸在L-赖氨酸硫酸盐相对于L-赖氨酸盐酸盐中的生物学效价。此研究包括两个试验，通过测量日增重，料肉比，血浆尿素氮以及氮的存留率等指标来确定两种不同来源的赖氨酸的生物学效价。试验1选用了168头长白×大白二元杂交去势公猪，断奶日龄28±3天，断奶体重9.07±0.78 公斤，随机分成7组，使用不同的日粮处理。试验采用2×3（2 种赖氨酸源×3种赖氨酸水平）因子设计。每个处理6个重复，每个重复单元4头猪。试验采用玉米-豆粕-花生粕型基础日粮，其L-赖氨酸添加水平为0.67%。基础日粮中赖氨酸等价物的添加水平分别为0.1%、0.2%和0.3%。，分别来自L-赖氨酸硫酸盐和L-赖氨酸盐酸盐。试验期为21天。以日增重，料肉比和血浆尿素氮作为指标，L-赖氨酸硫酸盐相对于L-赖氨酸盐酸盐的生物学效价分别为1.01，1.05和1.04。试验2选用了42头长白×大白二元杂交去势公猪，体重为16.03±1.58 公斤。42头猪在不锈钢制的代谢室中饲养10天，并分别饲喂7种不同日粮进行氮平衡试验。试验结果表明，L-赖氨酸硫酸盐相对于L-赖氨酸盐酸盐的生物学效价为0.95，就此推断L-赖氨酸硫酸盐与L-赖氨酸盐酸盐具有相似的生物学效应。T检验分析结果显示，赖氨酸在L-赖氨酸硫酸盐中的生物学效价与其在L-赖氨酸盐酸盐中的效价没有明显区别，其相对比值为1.00。 综上所述，L-赖氨酸硫酸盐可替代L-赖氨酸盐酸盐添加至10至20公斤生长猪的低赖氨酸水平的日粮中，提高其营养价值。
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| Paper VII:Bioefficacy of L-lysine•H2SO4 relative to L-lysine•HCl in broiler chickens, estimated by slope-ratio model |
| 题目：L-赖氨酸硫酸盐相对与L-赖氨酸盐酸盐在肉仔鸡中的生物学效价 |
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Abstract: 1. A broiler experiment was conducted to assess the effectiveness of L-lysine•H2SO4 relative to L-lysine•HCl. Four concentrations of L-lysine•H2SO4 and L-lysine•HCl (0•9, 1•8, 2•7 and 3•6 g/kg diet) were each added to a basal diet that met the nutrient requirements of broilers except for lysine.
2. Birds responded significantly to the supplements in daily gain, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, nitrogen retention and plasma urea nitrogen during each period (d 4 to 21, d 22 to 42 and d 4 to 42).
3. Regression analysis showed that the bioefficacy of L-lysine•H2SO4 relative to L-lysine•HCl was 0•93, 0•86 and 0•95 for daily gain, feed conversion efficiency and nitrogen retention, respectively, during the starter period (d 4 to 21), and was 1•01, 1•36 and 1•06, respectively, during the grower period (d 22 to 42). It was 0•99, 1•07 and 1•03, respectively, for the overall period (d 4 to 42), when the bioefficacy of L-lysine•HCl was set at 1•0.
4. The bioefficacy of L-lysine•H2SO4 differed with different response criteria. The average bioavailability of L-lysine•H2SO4 relative to L-lysine•HCl was 1•03 on an equimolar basis in the present study. In conclusion, L-lysine•H2SO4 and L-lysine•HCl are equally efficacious to broiler chickens.
摘要：1，本试验对L-赖氨酸硫酸盐相对于L-赖氨酸盐酸盐在肉鸡中的生物学效价进行了评定。在基础日粮中分别添加4种不同水平的L-赖氨酸硫酸盐和L-赖氨酸盐酸盐（0.9、1.5、2.7和3.6g.kg），使日粮满足肉鸡对除了赖氨酸以外其他营养的需要。
2， 每个阶段（4-21日龄、22-42日龄和4-42日龄）肉鸡的日增重、采食量、饲料转化率、氮沉积和血浆尿素氮均有显著变化。
3， 回归分析的结果表明，根据日增重、饲料转化效率和氮沉积得到的4-21日龄期间L-赖氨酸硫酸盐相对于L-赖氨酸盐酸盐的生物学效价分别为0.93、0.86和0.95；在22-42日龄生长阶段的效价分别问1.01、1.36和1.06。当L-赖氨酸盐酸盐的效价设定为1.0时，试验全期（4-42日龄）L-赖氨酸硫酸盐的效价分别为0.99、1.07和1.03。
4， 根据不同指标测定的L-赖氨酸硫酸盐的生物学效价不同。本试验中，等量情况下，L-赖氨酸硫酸盐相对于L-赖氨酸盐酸盐的平均生物学效价为1.03。因此，L-赖氨酸硫酸盐对肉鸡具有与L-赖氨酸盐酸盐相同的效果。
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| Paper VIII:Effect of 65% L-Lysine Sulphate on digestibility and available energy in pigs and poultry |
| 题目：65%L-赖氨酸硫酸盐对猪和家禽消化率和有效能的影响 |
Abstract: 3 experiments have been conducted in this research aiming at evaluating the digestibility and available energy content of Lysine in L-Lysine Sulphate in laying hens, broilers and growing pigs.
In experiment 1, 64 male breeding chickens (White Leghorn) with the average BW of 2.30±0.02kg were used. Birds were randomly allocated into 2 treatments, 8 replicates per treatment and 4 birds per replicate. Experiment 1 was conducted to determine apparent digestibility and metabolic energy of Lysine in Lysine Sulphate and endogenous N loss by using N-free diets and therefore to evaluate true digestibility and true metabolic energy of Lysine in Lysine Sulphate. In experiment 2, 64 adult male broilers with the average BW of 31.73±0.10kg were used and allocated into 4 treatments, 4 replicates per treatment and 4 birds per replicate. 4 treatments were designed into “fasting”, “casein”, “casein + Lysine Sulphate” and “casein + Lysine Hydrochloride” respectively. Treatment 1 (fasting) and 2 (casein) were carried out to determine endogenous loss of amino acids. Lysine digestibility in Lysine Sulphate and Lysine Hydrochloride has been compared in this experiment. 6 healthy barrows (Large White × Longrace) with the average BW of 51.7±3.5kg were used in Experiment 3. Animals were equipped with T-cannulation to collect digesta. 3 different diets, zein+Lysine Sulphate, N-free diet with the addition of Lysine Sulphate and casein diet were used respectively in this experiment with 3 × 3 Latin square design. Treatment 1 and 3 were used to evaluate the difference in distal ileal digestibility of Lysine in Lysine Sulphate, while diet 3 was carried out to determine endogenous loss of amino acids. As results from Experiment shown, Lysine apparent and true digestibility in 65% Lysine Sulphate in adult male chicken were 86.44 and 92.45% respectively. Apparent and true ME were 3444 and 3831 kcal/kg respectively. In Experiment 2, results indicated that: (1) there’s no significant difference (p>0.05) in endogenous N loss between 2 treatments, casein and fasting. (2) 65% Lysine Sulphate apparent digestibility was 87.75% in adult male broilers and its true digestibility determined via casein and fasting methods was 99.34% and 98.64% respectively. (3) Lysine apparent digestibility in L-Lysine Hydrochloride was 87.81% according to casein and fasting methods respectively. In Experiment 3, no effect has been found in different treatments on Lysine digestibility in Lysine Sulphate. However, it implied that zein + Lysine Sulphate tended to be more reliable when determining digestibility of industrial amino acids. Furthermore, Lysine ileal apparent digestibility was 95.59% and 98.88% in the treatments of zein + Lysine Sulphate and Lysine Sulphate respectively.
Data from all 3 experiments indicated a high digestibility of 65% Lysine Sulphate in poultry and true ME of 3831 kcal/kg in adult laying hens. No significant difference of endogenous N loss has been found between casein and fasting treatments. Lysine digestibility in Lysine Sulphate and Lysine Hydrochloride were approximately the same. Lysine ileal true digestibility in pigs could reach 98.88%. All these data provided a good reference to make a reasonable formula using L-Lysine Sulphate in practice.
摘要：用3个试验研究了蛋鸡、肉鸡和生长猪对65％赖氨酸硫酸盐的赖氨酸消化率和有效能含量。试验一选用64羽平均体重为2.30 ± 0.02 kg的白莱航（White Leghorn）种公鸡，随机分为2个处理，每个处理8重复，每个重复4羽。测定了赖氨酸硫酸盐的赖氨酸表观消化率和表观代谢能，同时利用无氮日粮法测定了内源损失，并计算出赖氨酸硫酸盐中赖氨酸的真消化率和真代谢能。试验二选用64羽平均体重为3.73 ± 0.10 kg健康爱拔益加（Arbor Acres）成年肉公鸡，随机分为4个处理，每个处理4个重复，每个重复4羽。处理1为绝食组；处理2为酪蛋白组；处理3为酪蛋白日粮添加赖氨酸硫酸盐组；处理4为酪蛋白日粮添加赖氨酸盐酸盐组。分别采用酪蛋白法和绝食法测定氨基酸的内源损失。比较测定了赖氨酸硫酸盐和赖氨酸盐酸盐的赖氨酸消化率。试验三选用6头平均体重为51.7 ± 3.5 kg的健康阉公猪（大白 × 长白），在回肠末端安装一个简单的T-型瘘管。试验采用3 × 3双拉丁方设计，饲喂3个不同处理的日粮。处理1为玉米醇溶蛋白 + 赖氨酸硫酸盐的半纯合日粮，处理2为只添加赖氨酸硫酸盐的近似无氮的半纯合日粮，处理3为水解酪蛋白日粮。处理1和处理2用以比较测定赖氨酸硫酸盐在猪的回肠末端消化率的差异，处理3目的是测定氨基酸的内源损失。结果表明，试验一：对于成年公鸡对，65％赖氨酸硫酸盐中赖氨酸的表观和真消化率分别为86.44%和92.45%，表观代谢能和真代谢能分别为3444 kcal/kg和3831 kcal/kg。试验二：①利用酪蛋白法和绝食法测定的内源氮损失差异不显著（P > 0.05）；②对于成年肉鸡，65％赖氨酸硫
酸盐中赖氨酸表观消化率为87.75%，利用酪蛋白法和绝食法测得的真消化率分别为99.34%和98.64%；③赖氨酸盐酸盐的赖氨酸表观消化率为87.81%，利用酪蛋白法和绝食法测得的真消化率分别为99.37%和98.67%。试验三：①日粮处理方法对65％赖氨酸硫酸盐中赖氨酸消化率的测定结果无影响，用玉米醇溶蛋白 + 赖氨酸硫酸盐的半纯合日粮测定工业氨基酸消化率的方法更为可靠；（2）用玉米醇溶蛋白 + 赖氨酸硫酸盐的半纯合日粮法测定的赖氨酸硫酸盐中赖氨酸的猪回肠末端表观消化率和真消化率分别为95.59%和98.88%。综合上述3个试验，家禽对65％赖氨酸硫酸盐中的赖氨酸有很高的消化率，65％赖氨酸硫酸盐对成年蛋鸡的真代谢能达3831 kcal/kg；采用酪蛋白法和绝食法测定的家禽氨基酸内源损失无显著性差异；65％赖氨酸硫酸盐与赖氨酸盐酸盐的赖氨酸消化率想当；猪对赖氨酸硫酸盐中赖氨酸回肠真消化率高达98.88％，这些结果可作为用65％赖氨酸硫酸盐配制日粮的参考数据。
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