Collected Paper On Studies of Lysine Sulphate Utilization

Summary on current researches of Lysine Sulphate

A brief introduction about the physical & chemical properties Application advantages of Lysine Sulphate; Review on the evaluation of biological value of Lysine Sulphate. Please click here to download the complete article

Paper I: Study on physical properties of 65% Lysine Sulphate

Abstract: Lysine Sulphate is brown pellet. This study has been conducted to test the stability of Lysine Sulphate during its manufacture and transportation. Results showed the density of Lysine Sulphate of 0.671 g/ml, repose angle of 26.389°. When relative humidity was 28.56, 44.00, 48.54, 76.00, 81.00, 86.00 and 92.00%, the hygroscopicity of Lysine sulphate was 0.72, 3.54, 7.77, 11.04, 15.36, 33.95 and 34.09% respectively. This study suggested that Lysine Sulphate had good physical properties and was suitable for storage, manufacture and transportation. Please click here to download the complete article

Paper II:Study on physical properties of 65% Lysine Sulphate in different compounds premix

Abstract: 65% Lysine Sulphate product are solid brown granules. This experiment has been conducted to test the stability of 65% Lysine Sulphate in different compounds premix. Results showed that the coefficient of variation of mixing uniformity of 65% Lysine Sulphate in 1, 2.5 and 4% premix was 1.70, 3.99 and 0.07% respectively. The hygroscopicity of 3 different premixes was 10.41, 10.04 and 5.45% respectively when the relative humidity was maintained at 75.00% and the hygroscopicity was 20.86, 19.00 and 13.62% respectively when the relative humidity was 80.00%. It can be concluded from this experiment that 65% Lysine Sulphate has good physical properties and is suitable for storage, manufacture and transportation. Please click here to download the complete article

Paper III: Effects of 65% Lysine Sulphate on the performance and digestibility of nutrients in piglets

Abstract: 108 crossbred growing pigs (Duroc ×Landrace×Large White) which were weaned at 28-day-old were used in this experiment, half male and half female. Pigs were randomly allocated into 3 treatments according to sex and body weight, 6 pens per treatment and 6 pigs per pen. The duration of the experiment was 35 days. Experimental diets in 3 treatments were formulated with basal diets with the addition of feed grade L-Lysine Sulphate and its fermentation by-products (experimental samples produced by Changchun Dacheng Industrial Group Co., Ltd), 98% L-Lysine Hydrochloride (control group 1, samples produced by foreign manufactory) and feed grade L-Lysine Sulphate and its fermentation by-products (control group 2, samples produced by foreign manufactory) respectively. Single factor design was applied and the basal diets in 3 treatments were the same to test application effects and bio-availability of products under test. Results showed that the difference of ADG, ADFI and FC between experimental group and control groups were not significant (P>0.05). ADG of pigs in experimental group was increased than the one in control group 1 and 2 by 3.06 and 1.98% respectively; ADFI was increased by 0.23 and 1.92% respectively; FC was reduced by 2.78 than the one in control group 1 and increased by 0.57% than the one in control group 2. Digestion experiment showed that the digestibility of dietary essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids by growing pigs fed by diets with the addition of products under test were significantly higher than the one by pigs fed diets with 98% L-Lysine Hydrochloride (P<0.05); except Lysine, Leucine and Serine, the digestibility of other dietary essential amino acids and other non-essential amino acids by growing pigs fed by diets with the addition of experimental products were significantly higher than the one by pigs fed by diets with the addition of similar imported products (P<0.05). The digestibility of total essential amino acids by pigs fed with experimental diets was increased than control group 1 and 2 by 4.2 and 5.9% respectively (P<0.05) and the digestibility of non-essential amino acids was increased by 3.7 and 5.3% respectively (P<0.05). Please click here to download the complete article

Paper IV: Effects of 65% Lysine Sulphate on the growth performance of broilers

Abstract: 600 healthy 1-day-old AA broilers with similar average body weight (40.39±0.01g) were used, half male and half female. Birds were randomly allocated into 2 treatments. Single factor design was applied in this experiment. Experimental diets in 2 treatments were supplemented with 65% Lysine Sulphate and 98% Lysine Hydrochloride respectively making sure the same Lysine level in 2 treatments. Results showed that the addition of 65% Lysine Sulphate had similar effects with 98% Lysine Hydrochloride on the growth performance of broilers (P>0.05). Please click here to download the complete article

Paper V: The determination of ileal true amino acids digestibility of 65% Lysine Sulphate in pigs

Abstract: 6 healthy barrows with the average body weight of 51.7±3.5 kg were used in this experiment. Experimental barrows were equipped with T-fistula at distal ileum. 3×3 Latin Square Design was applied and the experiment included 3 treatments. Experimental diets used in 3 treatments were as followed: corn zein semi purified diets with the addition of 2% of 65% Lysine Sulphate in treatment 1; semi purified diets with the addition of 2% of 65% Lysine Sulphate in treatment 2 to test effects of 2 different methods on the determination of ileum digestibility of amino acids in Lysine Sulphate; casein hydrolysate diet in treatment 3 to test excretion of endogenous amino acids. Results showed that the ileum apparent digestibility of 65% Lysine Sulphate determined by 2 different methods was 94.52 and 95.59% respectively and the difference was not significant (P>0.05); the true digestibility of 65% Lysine Sulphate determined by 2 different methods was 97.33 and 98.88% respectively and the difference was not significant (P>0.05).   Please click here to download the complete article

Paper VI:Bioefficacy of Lysine from L-Lysine Sulfate and L-Lysine•HCl for 10 to 20 kg Pigs

Abstract: The objective of this study was to compare the bioefficacy of L-lysine sulfate relative to L-lysine•HCl for 10 to 20 kg pigs. Two experiments were conducted to determine the bioefficacy of the two sources of lysine using daily gain, feed conversion, plasma urea nitrogen, and nitrogen retention as the response criteria. In experiment 1, 168 crossbred barrows (Landrace×Large White), weaned at 28±3 d (9.07±0.78 kg body weight), were allotted to one of seven dietary treatments in a 2×3 (two lysine sources×three lysine levels) factorial arrangement of treatments with an added negative control treatment group experiment. The basal diet was based on corn, peanut meal and soybean meal and provided 0.67% lysine. The basal diet was supplemented with 0.1, 0.2 or 0.3% lysine equivalents supplied from either L-lysine sulfate or L-lysine•HCl. Each treatment was fed to six pens of pigs with four pigs per pen. The trial lasted 21 days. The relative bioefficacy value of lysine in L-lysine sulfate using daily gain, feed conversion and plasma urea nitrogen as response criteria was 1.01, 1.05 and 1.04 of the lysine in L-lysine•HCl, respectively. In experiment 2, 42 crossbred (Landrace×Large White) pigs (16.03±1.58 kg body weight) were housed in stainless metabolism cages for 10 d and fed the seven diets used in the nitrogen-balance trial. The relative bioefficacy value of L-lysine sulfate was estimated to be 0.95 as effective as L-lysine•HCl for nitrogen retention on an equimolar basis. The t-test analysis revealed that bioefficacy of lysine in L-lysine sulfate was not significantly different from lysine in L-lysine•HCl, which was set at 1.00. In conclusion, L-lysine sulfate can be used instead of L-lysine •HCl to fortify lysine-deficient diets fed to 10 to 20 kg pigs. Please click here to download the complete article

Paper VII:Bioefficacy of L-lysine•H2SO4 relative to L-lysine•HCl in broiler chickens, estimated by slope-ratio model

Abstract: 1. A broiler experiment was conducted to assess the effectiveness of L-lysine•H2SO4 relative to L-lysine•HCl. Four concentrations of L-lysine•H2SO4 and L-lysine•HCl (0•9, 1•8, 2•7 and 3•6 g/kg diet) were each added to a basal diet that met the nutrient requirements of broilers except for lysine. 2. Birds responded significantly to the supplements in daily gain, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency, nitrogen retention and plasma urea nitrogen during each period (d 4 to 21, d 22 to 42 and d 4 to 42). 3. Regression analysis showed that the bioefficacy of L-lysine•H2SO4 relative to L-lysine•HCl was 0•93, 0•86 and 0•95 for daily gain, feed conversion efficiency and nitrogen retention, respectively, during the starter period (d 4 to 21), and was 1•01, 1•36 and 1•06, respectively, during the grower period (d 22 to 42). It was 0•99, 1•07 and 1•03, respectively, for the overall period (d 4 to 42), when the bioefficacy of L-lysine•HCl was set at 1•0. 4. The bioefficacy of L-lysine•H2SO4 differed with different response criteria. The average bioavailability of L-lysine•H2SO4 relative to L-lysine•HCl was 1•03 on an equimolar basis in the present study. In conclusion, L-lysine•H2SO4 and L-lysine•HCl are equally efficacious to broiler chickens. Please click here to download the complete article

Paper VIII:Effect of 65% L-Lysine Sulphate on digestibility and available energy in pigs and poultry

Abstract: 3 experiments have been conducted in this research aiming at evaluating the digestibility and available energy content of Lysine in L-Lysine Sulphate in laying hens, broilers and growing pigs.   In experiment 1, 64 male breeding chickens (White Leghorn) with the average BW of 2.30±0.02kg were used. Birds were randomly allocated into 2 treatments, 8 replicates per treatment and 4 birds per replicate. Experiment 1 was conducted to determine apparent digestibility and metabolic energy of Lysine in Lysine Sulphate and endogenous N loss by using N-free diets and therefore to evaluate true digestibility and true metabolic energy of Lysine in Lysine Sulphate. In experiment 2, 64 adult male broilers with the average BW of 31.73±0.10kg were used and allocated into 4 treatments, 4 replicates per treatment and 4 birds per replicate. 4 treatments were designed into “fasting”, “casein”, “casein + Lysine Sulphate” and “casein + Lysine Hydrochloride” respectively. Treatment 1 (fasting) and 2 (casein) were carried out to determine endogenous loss of amino acids. Lysine digestibility in Lysine Sulphate and Lysine Hydrochloride has been compared in this experiment. 6 healthy barrows (Large White × Longrace) with the average BW of 51.7±3.5kg were used in Experiment 3. Animals were equipped with T-cannulation to collect digesta. 3 different diets, zein+Lysine Sulphate, N-free diet with the addition of Lysine Sulphate and casein diet were used respectively in this experiment with 3 × 3 Latin square design. Treatment 1 and 3 were used to evaluate the difference in distal ileal digestibility of Lysine in Lysine Sulphate, while diet 3 was carried out to determine endogenous loss of amino acids. As results from Experiment shown, Lysine apparent and true digestibility in 65% Lysine Sulphate in adult male chicken were 86.44 and 92.45% respectively. Apparent and true ME were 3444 and 3831 kcal/kg respectively. In Experiment 2, results indicated that: (1) there’s no significant difference (p>0.05) in endogenous N loss between 2 treatments, casein and fasting. (2) 65% Lysine Sulphate apparent digestibility was 87.75% in adult male broilers and its true digestibility determined via casein and fasting methods was 99.34% and 98.64% respectively. (3) Lysine apparent digestibility in L-Lysine Hydrochloride was 87.81% according to casein and fasting methods respectively. In Experiment 3, no effect has been found in different treatments on Lysine digestibility in Lysine Sulphate. However, it implied that zein + Lysine Sulphate tended to be more reliable when determining digestibility of industrial amino acids. Furthermore, Lysine ileal apparent digestibility was 95.59% and 98.88% in the treatments of zein + Lysine Sulphate and Lysine Sulphate respectively. Data from all 3 experiments indicated a high digestibility of 65% Lysine Sulphate in poultry and true ME of 3831 kcal/kg in adult laying hens. No significant difference of endogenous N loss has been found between casein and fasting treatments. Lysine digestibility in Lysine Sulphate and Lysine Hydrochloride were approximately the same. Lysine ileal true digestibility in pigs could reach 98.88%. All these data provided a good reference to make a reasonable formula using L-Lysine Sulphate in practice. Please click here to download the complete article

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